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In an ideal lock, all of the pin holes in the plug would be in perfect alignment with the corresponding holes in the shell, the centerline of the plug would be exactly parallel to that of the shell, and all of the pins would be exactly the same diameter. Note the border between the plug and shell, which forms the shear line, and the cuts in each pin stack resting within the plug. Now the plug is being prevented from moving by the next most misaligned pin (which, in this case, is the other pin, since there are only two). Picking tools are designed to perform one of two basic functions: manipulating pins and turning the plug. The principles and skills of lock picking, once mastered, can be applied against the vast majority of commercial pin tumbler locks, and the basic tools, if somewhat unusual, are quite simple. However, because the precision with which locks can be manufactured is limited by physical processes, materials, economics, and usability considerations, exploitable weaknesses almost always exist in practice. Remember to practice this several times, in both directions. In the lab there is a collection of "training locks," mounted on boards, for practice.

As with pin tumbler locks, because the levers, gates, and fence are slightly out of alignment, it is usually possible to raise and pick the levers one at time. For example, the method it calls "scrubbing" is called "raking" by almost everyone else (it's not something I suggest you spend much time on, at least at first, by the way). Few burglars can afford to risk exposure during the time required to pick even relatively easy locks, and unexplained possession of lock picking tools is often considered prima facia evidence of criminal intent. Right: With all of the cuts at the shear line, the plug can rotate freely within the shell. Right: Side view, with part of the shell and plug cut away to expose the six pin stacks. Each pins has a groove cut in its side at the position corresponding to its correct rotation. The height (or cut depth) of a key under each pin stack position is called its bitting; the bitting of a key is the "secret" needed to open a lock. A key that is bitted to the wrong depth in even one pin position will not operate the lock. The plug can rotate freely only if the key lifts every pin stack's cut to align at the border between the plug and shell.

While some of these features can be defeated with conventional picking tools and are covered here, picking high security locks generally requires specialized tools and techniques (often designed for a specific brand or model of lock) and are beyond our scope here. It's aimed at working locksmiths, and has a broad discussion of picking techniques and principles, albeit with less depth than the Finch book. It is aimed at locksmith practitioners but has a cogent discussion of principles as well as technique. Note that although heavy torque is required, this technique also demands high sensitivity and control. The rest is just technique -- locating and recognizing the state of each pin stack, manipulating the pins, applying torque to the plug. The pick design it calls a "rake" is called a "hook" by the rest of the world (it's the kind of pick you'll be using most). See Figure 1. (In practice, the cuts are produced by stacking pin segments of particular lengths, not by actually cutting the pins; hence the term "pin stack.") With no key in the lock, all the pin stack cuts rest within the plug. In particular note that because the pins are slightly out of alignment, as the plug is turned gently, only the pin stack that is most out of alignment actually prevents further rotation.

In practice, of course, locks aren't perfect: the pin holes in the plug are slightly out of alignment with respect to the shell and the pins and pin holes are each of a slightly different diameter. While pins are usually set by raising the cut from the plug to the shear line, they can also be picked by first oversetting the cut to within the shell and then lowering it to the shear line. Tubular locks suffer from the same manufacturing imperfections as other locks and so can be picked with essentially the same techniques. Picking depends on weaknesses in the implementation of locks -- small manufacturing imperfections -- rather than fundamental, abstract design flaws that would be present no matter how carefully made the locks might be. These imperfections are very small -- as little as .0001 inches in some cases -- but they are what allow us to manipulate ("pick") locks open without using the correct key. The basic algorithm for picking locks is remarkably simple: - Apply a small amount of torque to the plug. The traditional torque tool is made from stiff, flat spring steel, bent at a 90 degree angle to provide a small blade that fits in the keyway and a long handle to which torque is applied.

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