O be taken into consideration. The second issue is that it

O be taken into consideration. The second issue is that it is essential to establish treatment recommendations for ESRD patients diagnosed with?2016 Kitai et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.Kitai et al. Renal Replacement Therapy (2016) 2:Page 2 ofTable 1 Areas of special importance in the field of onco-nephrologyAreas (A) Acute kidney injury in cancer patients Comments The representative areas in (A) (C) can be described as follows (the details were reviewed previously [1]). The causes of AKI in cancer patients can be categorized as prerenal, intrinsic, and postrenal. ?Prerenal (extracellular fluid depletion, hypercalcemia, hepatic sinusoidal occlusive syndrome, drugs) ?Intrinsic (acute tubular necrosis, lymphomatous infiltration of the kidney, cast nephropathy, tumor lysis syndrome, thrombotic microangiopathy, secondary glomerulopathies) ?Postrenal (extrarenal obstruction due to primary disease, retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy, retroperitoneal fibrosis) (B) Paraneoplastic glomerulopathies ?Solid malignancy-associated membranous nephropathy ?Hematologic malignancy-associated minimal change disease (C) Chemotherapy-associated kidney manifestations ?Minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (interferon, pamidronate) ?Acute tubular necrosis and electrolyte wasting (cisplatin) ?Magnesium wasting (cetuximab) ?Thrombotic microangiopathy (bevacizumab, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and gemcitabine) ?Cast nephropathy (methotrexate) (D) Cancer risk and screening in patients with ESRD (E) Anti-cancer chemotherapy in patients with ESRD Although the etiologies of cancer-associated renal diseases in (A) (C) are relatively well understood, the protocols of the cancer screening and effective anti-cancer treatment for ESRD patients are not established yet.cancer. The coexistence of ESRD with cancer reduces the likelihood that cancer patients will receive optimal anticancer therapy and supportive care. Chemotherapy might be withheld because they are undergoing hemodialysis (HD). A lack of information concerning chemotherapy in patients with ESRD PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6833145 also leads to the improper use of anticancer agents and severe adverse effects in these patients [8]. Data on renal or dialysis clearance for these agents remain scarce, although the number of case studies that include pharmacokinetic data and information related to the safety and efficacy of these agents has gradually increased in recent years. It is essential to find dose adjustment models and to modify existing chemotherapy protocols adequately for HD patients. This review updates the information on cancer screening and the pharmacokinetics of anti-cancer agents in patients Capecitabine with ESRD.Cancer risk in patients with ESRD Observational studies have suggested an increased cancer risk in patients with ESRD [9, 10]. Patients on chronic dialysis have an increased risk of cancer for several reasons, including the presence of chronic infection, a compromis.